The change in vapor pressure of a pure substance as temperature changes can be described using the equation known as the Clausius-Clapeyron Equation: Traditional photoresists are typically composed of carbon, oxygen showing poor etch resistance and thus are insufficient for fabricating high-aspect-ratio nanostructures on the underlying substrate by etching-based pattern transfer. Tseng, Darling, and Elam et al. have shown that SIS of AlO x into a patterned photoresist could significantly enhance the etch resistance, therefore facilitating etching-based, high-aspect-ratio pattern transfer onto the Si substrate, which otherwise would have required a sacrificial hard mask underlayer. ( Tseng et al., 2011; TsengTseng et al., 2011; Tseng et al., 2012) Vapor pressures are dependent only on temperature and nothing else. The vapor pressure of a liquid does not depend on the amount on the liquid in the container, be it one liter or thirty liters; at the same temperature, both samples will have the same vapor pressure. Vapor pressures have an exponential relationship with temperature and always increase as temperature increases (Figure 2: Vapor Pressure Curves). It is important to note that when a liquid is boiling, its vapor pressure is equal to the external pressure. For example, as water boils at sea level, its vapor pressure is 1 atmosphere because the external pressure is also 1 atmosphere.

The liquid-phase infiltration (LPI) process uses inorganic salt solutions that can be prepared by dissolving the salts in water or suitable organic solvents. The infiltration is enabled by direct interaction between the inorganic elements in the form of aqueous metallic ions (cations, anions or coordinated complex ions) and reactive functional groups in the BCP template by simply immersing polymeric templates into the inorganic salt solution without the need of specialized equipment. ( Aizawa and Buriak, 2006; Chai et al., 2007; Majewski et al., 2015) For example, the infiltration of various metallic elements, including Al, Hf, W, Fe, Mo, Cu, Ce, Pb, Pd, Ti, and Zr, into the BCP systems such as (PS- b-P2VP) [or poly (4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP)] and PS- b-poly (ethylene oxide) (PS- b-PEO) has been demonstrated to synthesize BCP-templated hybrid films and directly patterned inorganic nanostructures. ( Chai and Buriak, 2008; Cummins et al., 2016); ( Cummins et al., 2013); ( Cummins et al., 2015); ( Varghese et al., 2013); ( Ghoshal et al., 2012); ( Ghoshal et al., 2016).; ( Shin et al., 2013) The research was carried out at the Center for Functional Nanomaterials (CFN), Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), and is supported by the United States Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-SC0012704. Conflict of Interest Hi, my name is Vapor and I’m not the type that gets caught. My crew and I are known for throwin’ up color on the streets and claiming the city as our canvas. We make art so dope, it’s criminal! of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United Statesnewcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)

Step 1: Use the Clausius Clapeyron equation (Equation \ref{CC}). Assume 293 K to be T 1 and 17.5 mmHg to be P 1 and 300 K to be T 2. We know the enthalpy of vaporization of water is 44000 J mol -1. Therefore we plug in everything we are given into the equation. ln \dfrac{P_2}{P_1} = \dfrac{\Delta H_{vap}}{R} \left ( \dfrac{1}{T_1}-\dfrac{1}{T_2} \right) \label{CC}\] Self-assembled BCP thin films have emerged as a nontraditional material patterning platform, when combined with strategies to convert these nanomorphologies into more useful functional inorganic nanostructures for applications in nanodevices. Various post-self-assembly modification processes, including thin-film deposition and lift-off, VPI and LPI hybridization, and plasma-etching-based pattern transfer, have enabled the generation of various nanostructured semiconductors, metals and conductive polymer nanostructures for various device applications such as in opto-chemical sensors, solar cells. Given the large-area scalability, ease of processing, and the various inorganic pattern generation and conversion methods, self-assembled BCP thin films promise widening practical applications for various electrical, electronic, and optoelectronic devices in the future. Author ContributionsThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Publisher’s Note If the vapor pressure of water at 293 K is 17.5 mmHg, what is the vapor pressure of water at 300 K ? ln\dfrac{P_2}{17.5mmHg} = \dfrac{44000 J mol

Another way to convert BCP patterns into inorganic nanostructures is by infiltration synthesis, a material hybridization technique which is guided by the dissolution, diffusion and reaction of metal precursors with polymer templates. ( Waldman et al., 2019a); ( Leng and Losego, 2017) The infiltration process can be classified, based on the type of precursors used, to vapor-phase infiltration (VPI) and liquid-phase infiltration. These techniques enable the growth of inorganic materials within an organic polymer matrix, creating an organic-inorganic hybrids. Such hybrids typically display superior material properties by combining the individual starting components at molecular level. VPI, which is also referred to as sequential infiltration synthesis (SIS), has been demonstrated for enhancing various properties of polymers such as mechanical, ( Dusoe et al., 2017); ( Lee et al., 2009); ( Lee et al., 2010); ( Gregorczyk et al., 2015) chemical, ( Tseng et al., 2011; TsengTseng et al., 2011; McGuinness et al., 2020), electrical, ( Nam et al., 2015a; Subramanian et al., 2019), optical, ( Rahman et al., 2014; Rahman et al., 2015; Ocola et al., 2016), triboelectric, ( Yu et al., 2015; Yu and Wang, 2016), and thermal properties. ( Bamford et al., 2021) These hybrids have been useful for a wide variety of applications ( Subramanian et al., 2018); ( Berman and Shevchenko, 2020) such as gas separation, ( Greil et al., 2017), oil absorption, ( Barry et al., 2017), photodetectors, ( Nam and Stein, 2017), gas sensors, ( Pleshek et al., 2021), energy conversion. ( Yu et al., 2015) and filteration. ( Zhou et al., 2017) An important application of VPI generated hybrids has been in material nanopatterning, where patterned polymer templates can be either directly converted into electrically functional nanostructures ( Peng et al., 2011; Nam et al., 2015b) or by transferring the pattern to an underlying substrate that can be incorporated into existing nanoelectronic device architecture. ( Peng et al., 2010; TsengTseng et al., 2011)